The National Forest

What is National park and National forest

The National park or National forest is an area of land or sea is preserved by the law of local administration. National Park or National forest is strictly protected from exploitation by human intervention. The National Park is usually established in areas with unique landforms have scientific value or areas rich ecosystems, many species are active – plants are in danger of extinction should be strictly protected strictly before the exploitation of man. The National forest is a protected area in accordance with the IUCN Category II. National Park is the largest National forest Northeast Greenland was established in 1974.

As defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the National forest are: Natural area of land and / or sea, designated to:

• protecting the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for generations present and future,
• remove the exploitation or hostile occupation for the purposes of the selection of regional and
• prepare the basis for the opportunity to spirit, science, education, entertainment and sightseeing, all of these opportunities must be compatible culture and environment.

• National forest is the natural areas on land or in wetlands , islands , has an area large enough established to preserve one or more specific ecosystem or not represented or been affected little impact from the outside, the conservation of species of endemic species or endangered .
• The National forest is managed, used primarily for the conservation of forests and forest ecosystems , scientific research, environmental education and ecotourism .
• National forest was established on the basis of criteria and indicators: ecosystem characteristics; of animals and plants are endemic; the natural area of the park and the percentage area of agricultural land , land residents compared to the natural area of the National forest.

National Park is the largest National forest Northeast Greenland was established in 1974. Hope now you know What is National park and National forest. We’ll continue in the next post

History and Launched of National park and National forest

The National Park usually located in areas mostly undeveloped, usually those with active-area native plants and rare ecosystems in particular (such as specific as endangered species ), the biodiversity , geological or other special features. Occasionally, national forests were established in the area has developed with the aim of making it back to the area almost identical to its original state, as close as possible.

In some countries, such as in the United Kingdom and Wales , the area is used as a national park are not wilderness, nor owned by the state, and may include residential and land use is significant, usually they are a integral part of the landscape. The forest’s first Scottish National Park Loch Lomond and the Trossachs , was established in July 2002 and the Cairngorms National forest was established in March 2003 .

History of National park and National forest

The idea of establishing natural landscape worthy of protection under the particular protection is derived from the early 19th century. English poet William Wordsworth in 1810 wrote about the Lake District as “a national asset which everyone has rights and interests, who have eyes to identify and heart to enjoy” . American artist George Catlin in 1832, during the trip to the western United States, wrote that the natives of North America in the United States should be preserved: by some great protecting policy of government … in the magnificent gardens … A national park, containing human and animal, all in the wild and the purity of their natural beauty! . Baron Finnish Swedish Adolf Erik Nordenskiold also made similar comments in 1880 . The American Naturalist Scotland John Muir also gave the inspiration to establish national forests, referring to many ideas of the conservation movement, environmental and animal rights later. Their common idea is keep the wonders of nature so that future generations can enjoy them and find them there.

Launched of National park and National forest

First attempt to set the land is protected in the United States , on April 20 in 1832 , when President Andrew Jackson signed a decree to reserve four areas around the area today is the Hot Springs , Arkansas to protect the natural hot springs and mountain areas adjacent to the U.S. government for future use. It is known as the Hot Springs Conservation Area . But the agency did not have any power state was established and federal control of the region was not clearly established until 1877.

Next try to establish the land is protected in the United States, when President Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of Congress on June 30 in 1864 , ceding the Yosemite Valley and Mariposa forest for the trees sam distance (or hard parts giant) (later the Yosemite National Park ) to the state of California , stating: Mentioned states [California] to will accept this assignment with clear conditions that the property will be maintained for public use, the center of rest and recreation; will not be transferred to any time.

In 1872 , Yellowstone National forest was established as national parks, the first true world. When news of the natural wonders of the Yellowstone area was first announced, this land, other than Yosemite, are part of the territory of any State which is not accounted for their management, so the relevant authorities state was responsible for direct management, a process formally completed on October 1 in 1890 . It is tried and combined benefits of conservationists, politicians and business people in particular (namely management company railroads of the North Pacific, where our journey through Montana had obtained major benefits generated by the tourist attractions of this), to ensure that Congress will approve ordinance to establish Yellowstone National Park.

Wallace Stegner has written that national parks are the best idea of Americans – from the conservation of nature that the royal family can save the world for themselves – to create democracy conservation , open to everyone, “it reflects our best in terms of, not in terms of the worst.”. However, only 44 years after the establishment of national parks, Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 national forests, protected areas, the state agency comprehensive management of these areas was established in the United States – which the United States Department of the National Park (NPS). Another interesting thing is an entrepreneur, Mr. Stephen Mather , was the most powerful push for the establishment of the NPS, he wrote to Franklin Knight Lane , then as Minister of the Interior on demand. Lane invited Mather to Washington, DC to work with him in the draft and wait for the passage of the bill on NPS organization, the U.S. Congress approved and signed on August 25 in 1916 .

The number of existing regional management by the NPS in the United States is 391, of which only 58 are national parks.
In other countries, the idea of establishment of national forests such as Yellowstone has gradually been accepted. In Australia , the Royal National Park was established in southern Sydney in 1879 . In Canada , Banff National Park (then known as Rocky Mountain National Park) is the first national forests of this country in 1885 . New Zealand is the first national park in 1887 . In Europe the first national park is a set of nine parks in Sweden in 1909 . Currently, Europe has 370 national forests .

After World War Second , national parks have been established worldwide. Vanoise National forest in the mountain areas Alps is the first national park in France, founded in 1963 took place after the demonstrations to prevent a tourism project here. In Vietnam, Cuc Phuong National forest , established in 1966 as the first national park in the country.

What is International Union for Conservation of Nature

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN), in French) is an international organization dedicated to finding “pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges.” The organization publishes the IUCN Red List, compiling information from a network of conservation organizations to rate which species are most endangered.

The IUCN supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world and brings governments, non-government organizations, United Nations agencies, companies and local communities together to develop and implement policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental network – a democratic membership union with more than 1,000 government and NGO member organizations, and almost 11,000 volunteer scientists in more than 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by more than 1,000 professional staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. The Union’s headquarters are located in Gland, near Geneva, Switzerland.

IUCN’s stated vision is “a just world that values and conserves nature.” Its mission is to “influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and biodiversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.”

The first Director General of UNESCO, (Sir Julian Huxley), wishing to give UNESCO a more scientific base, sponsored a congress to establish a new environmental institution to help serve this purpose. At that first congress (held at Fontainebleau, France), on 5 October 1948, 18 governments, 7 international organizations, and 107 national nature conservation organizations all agreed to form the institution and signed a “constitutive act” creating an International Union for the Protection of Nature.

From this beginning, the overriding strategy and policy of the institution has been to explore and promote mutually beneficial conservation arrangements that suit those promoting development as well as assisting people and nations to better preserve their flora and fauna. When approached in 1978 by primatologist Richard Wrangham to contribute funds to the new Digit Fund to prevent further poaching of mountain gorillas near Dian Fossey’s Karisoke Research Station in Rwanda, the International Union for Conservation of Nature declined to provide funds to the cause. Instead, the IUCN supported opening the Virunga Volcanoes to tourism as a way to encourage the Rwandan government to preserve the gorillas.

At all times, the institution (in all its forms) has heavily emphasized as a key operating principle the strong need to cater to and address the needs of local nations, communities and peoples, so that those nations, communities and peoples can take ownership of future, long term conservation goals and objectives in their local areas: “Protected areas and threatened species could most effectively be safeguarded if local people considered it in their own interest to do so. Working with rather than against local people became a major working principle for IUCN. ” — Page 61

The IUCN’s World Conservation Strategy (1980) was founded upon this kind of principle, and clearly announced the IUCN’s ambitions to more effectively enter into dialogue with the promoters of human development. The strategy was internationally applauded by many and served to secure the IUCN funds from several donors who did not themselves feel they could open up effective dialogue in the world’s developing countries, nor that United Nations organizations and international banks would effectively engage in such dialogue.

Since the World Conservation Strategy and the dawn of the sustainable development era, however, these goals have come to sit uneasily with attempts by institutions such as The World Bank to “mainstream the environment.” This has led to pressure from more powerful institutions, such as The Bank itself as well as the UNDP and UNEP, to help promote the expansion of the free-market onto the environment, renamed “natural resources,” thus giving wealthy investors and multinationals the right to purchase rights to things previously considered intangible and common property, such as water, genetic resources, and the right to pollute the atmosphere.

With the pre-eminence of the concept of sustainable development, the IUCN has expanded into many of the nations around the world, making available the services of a large pool of mainly voluntary specialists, providing local level advice and conservation services, and expanding its networks of Committees and regional advisory bodies into increasing numbers of countries.[4] It remains to be seen how well the IUCN will be able to reconcile its founding ideals with the pressures of incorporation into the development institutions.

List of national parks and forests

This is a list of national parks as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ordered by nation. Nearly 100 countries around the world have lands classified as a national park by this definition, you can see it along with our site.